HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a method used to transfer or convey information on the World Wide Web. Its original purpose was to provide a way to publish and retrieve HTML pages.
Telnet - TELNET (TELetype NETwork) is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area network (LAN) connections. It was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC#0015 and standardized as IETF STD 8, one of the first Internet standards. It has limitations that are considered to be security risks.
ftp - FTP or File Transfer Protocol is used to transfer data from one computer to another over the Internet, or through a network.
ftp software - Core FTP LE - site to site transfers, FTP transfer resume, drag and drop support, file viewing & editing, firewall support, custom commands, FTP URL parsing, command line transfers, filters.
Thursday, May 3, 2007
Wednesday, May 2, 2007
Work For Today... Modem
What is a modem? A modem (from modulate and demodulate) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from driven diodes to radio. Experiments have even been performed in the use of modems over the medium of two cans connected by a string.[citation needed].
Speed: The speeds of modems can vary. For example, modems remained at 300 and 1200 bit/s into the mid 1980s.
What is the most recent standard of traditional modems? The lastest version is V.92.
What is ADSL? Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are normally not used by a voice telephone call, in particular, frequencies higher than normal human hearing. This signal will not travel very far over normal telephone cables, so ADSL can only be used over short distances, typically less than 5 km. Once the signal reaches the telephone company's local office, the ADSL signal is stripped off and immediately routed onto a conventional internet network, while any voice-frequency signal is switched into the conventional phone network. This allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time.
Speed: The speeds of modems can vary. For example, modems remained at 300 and 1200 bit/s into the mid 1980s.
What is the most recent standard of traditional modems? The lastest version is V.92.
What is ADSL? Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are normally not used by a voice telephone call, in particular, frequencies higher than normal human hearing. This signal will not travel very far over normal telephone cables, so ADSL can only be used over short distances, typically less than 5 km. Once the signal reaches the telephone company's local office, the ADSL signal is stripped off and immediately routed onto a conventional internet network, while any voice-frequency signal is switched into the conventional phone network. This allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time.
Monday, April 30, 2007
Work For Today... ipconfig/all
to show the connection status:
C:\>ipconfig /all
Windows 2000 IP Configuration
Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : wikipedia
Primary DNS Suffix . . . . . . . :
Node type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : wikipedia.org
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 2:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : wikipedia.org
Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Intel(R) PRO/100 VE Netwon #3
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-D0-B7-A6-F1-11
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.100
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.3
DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
Primary WINS Server . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.75
Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : 27 May 2004 09:04:06
Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : 30 May 2004 09:04:06
To release and renew DHCP lease
C:\>ipconfig /release
Windows 2000 IP Configuration
IP address successfully released for adapter "Local Area Connection 2"
C:\>ipconfig /renew
Windows 2000 IP Configuration
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 2:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : wikipedia.org
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.100
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
To flush the DNS cache:
C:\>ipconfig /flushdns
Windows 2000 IP Configuration
Successfully flushed the DNS Resolver Cache.
To register DNS resource records:
C:\>ipconfig /registerdnsWindows 2000 IP Configuration
C:\>ipconfig /all
Windows 2000 IP Configuration
Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : wikipedia
Primary DNS Suffix . . . . . . . :
Node type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : wikipedia.org
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 2:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : wikipedia.org
Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Intel(R) PRO/100 VE Netwon #3
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-D0-B7-A6-F1-11
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.100
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.3
DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
Primary WINS Server . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.75
Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : 27 May 2004 09:04:06
Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : 30 May 2004 09:04:06
To release and renew DHCP lease
C:\>ipconfig /release
Windows 2000 IP Configuration
IP address successfully released for adapter "Local Area Connection 2"
C:\>ipconfig /renew
Windows 2000 IP Configuration
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 2:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : wikipedia.org
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.100
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.1
To flush the DNS cache:
C:\>ipconfig /flushdns
Windows 2000 IP Configuration
Successfully flushed the DNS Resolver Cache.
To register DNS resource records:
C:\>ipconfig /registerdnsWindows 2000 IP Configuration
Thursday, April 26, 2007
Work For Today
DNS - Domain Name System (DNS) stores and associates many types of information with domain names; most importantly, it translates domain names to IP addresses.
DNS server - and server for the DNS.
WINs - Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) is Microsoft's implementation of NetBIOS Name Server (NBNS) on Windows, a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names.
DHCP - DHCP is a set of rules used by communications devices such as a computer, router or network adapter to allow the device to request and obtain an IP address from a server which has a list of addresses available for assignment.
DNS server - and server for the DNS.
WINs - Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) is Microsoft's implementation of NetBIOS Name Server (NBNS) on Windows, a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names.
DHCP - DHCP is a set of rules used by communications devices such as a computer, router or network adapter to allow the device to request and obtain an IP address from a server which has a list of addresses available for assignment.
Monday, April 16, 2007
Work For Today
Protocol - is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between two computing endpoints.
communications protocol is the set of standard rules for data representation, signalling, authentication and error detection required to send information over a communications channel.
TCP/IP - set of communications protocols that implements the protocol stack on which the Internet and many commercial networks run.
NIC - A domain name registry, also called Network Information Centre (NIC), is part of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet which converts domain names to IP addresses.
Peer-to-Peer Network Connection - in a peer-to-peer network there are no dedicated servers or hierarchy among the computers. All of the computers on the network handle security and administration for themselves. The users must make the decisions about who gets access to what. Beyond that there are more similarities between the types of network than differences. All of the computers must have network cards. You also use the same cables, the same hubs and switches, and the same protocols as you would with a client-server model. The only difference is that there isn't a server. Since there isn't a server, there are some things to think about before you go down the peer-to-peer path
communications protocol is the set of standard rules for data representation, signalling, authentication and error detection required to send information over a communications channel.
TCP/IP - set of communications protocols that implements the protocol stack on which the Internet and many commercial networks run.
NIC - A domain name registry, also called Network Information Centre (NIC), is part of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet which converts domain names to IP addresses.
Peer-to-Peer Network Connection - in a peer-to-peer network there are no dedicated servers or hierarchy among the computers. All of the computers on the network handle security and administration for themselves. The users must make the decisions about who gets access to what. Beyond that there are more similarities between the types of network than differences. All of the computers must have network cards. You also use the same cables, the same hubs and switches, and the same protocols as you would with a client-server model. The only difference is that there isn't a server. Since there isn't a server, there are some things to think about before you go down the peer-to-peer path
Friday, April 13, 2007
Work For Today
Norton Antivirus - Protection for the computer that does the following:
-Rids your PC of dangerous spyware
-Automatically detects and removes viruses, Trojan horses, and worms
-Protects against new threats with automatic updates
-Automatically scans email and instant message attachments for viruses
-Checks compressed file archives for viruses
-Protects against spyware and adware
-Automatically scans for viruses after downloading updates
Spybot - Spybot - Search & Destroy (often Spybot-S&D) is a popular malware, spyware and adware removal program which works on Microsoft Windows 95 and later. Like most malware scanners, Spybot-S&D scans the computer hard disk and/or RAM for malicious software.
Spybot was written by German software engineer Patrick Michael Kolla, and is distributed by Kolla's Irish company Safer Networking Ltd. Development began in 2000 when Kolla, still a student, wrote a small program to deal with the Aureate/Radiate and Conducent TimeSink programs, two of the earliest examples of adware.
Adware - Adware or advertising-supported software is any software package which automatically plays, displays, or downloads advertising material to a computer after the software is installed on it or while the application is being used.
Google Toolbar - Google Toolbar is an Internet browser toolbar available for Microsoft Internet Explorer (6+ and Mozilla Firefox 1.5+ (with slightly different features).
-Rids your PC of dangerous spyware
-Automatically detects and removes viruses, Trojan horses, and worms
-Protects against new threats with automatic updates
-Automatically scans email and instant message attachments for viruses
-Checks compressed file archives for viruses
-Protects against spyware and adware
-Automatically scans for viruses after downloading updates
Spybot - Spybot - Search & Destroy (often Spybot-S&D) is a popular malware, spyware and adware removal program which works on Microsoft Windows 95 and later. Like most malware scanners, Spybot-S&D scans the computer hard disk and/or RAM for malicious software.
Spybot was written by German software engineer Patrick Michael Kolla, and is distributed by Kolla's Irish company Safer Networking Ltd. Development began in 2000 when Kolla, still a student, wrote a small program to deal with the Aureate/Radiate and Conducent TimeSink programs, two of the earliest examples of adware.
Adware - Adware or advertising-supported software is any software package which automatically plays, displays, or downloads advertising material to a computer after the software is installed on it or while the application is being used.
Google Toolbar - Google Toolbar is an Internet browser toolbar available for Microsoft Internet Explorer (6+ and Mozilla Firefox 1.5+ (with slightly different features).
Thursday, April 12, 2007
Work For Today...ERD Commander & Configsafe
ERD Commander - When your server or workstation won't boot, you need ERD Commander 2005. ERD Commander 2005 boots dead systems directly from CD into a Windows-like repair environment. You'll have full access to the dead system's volumes, so you can diagnose and repair problems using tools located on the ERD Commander 2005 Start menu. And you'll have built-in network access to safely move data off of, or on to, the dead system. With ERD Commander 2005 you can repair a system quickly and easily, saving you time and rescuing your critical data.
Configsafe - The schwizex.exe process will monitor your system, watching for changes to your system's registry, ini files, hardware and installation of software. It will periodically keep a copy of your systems configuration so that you can restore the system, should changes cause your computer to become unstable. It can be stopped if causing problems, however if possible you should leave it running.
schwizex.exe is an application that does NOT appear to be a security risk
The Process Server database currently registers schwizex.exe to Imagine.
This is part of ConfigSafe.
The Process Manager database is updated often, but inaccuracies may still exist, often caused by viruses named after valid files such as ConfigSafe. Always verify your results just to play it safe.
Configsafe - The schwizex.exe process will monitor your system, watching for changes to your system's registry, ini files, hardware and installation of software. It will periodically keep a copy of your systems configuration so that you can restore the system, should changes cause your computer to become unstable. It can be stopped if causing problems, however if possible you should leave it running.
schwizex.exe is an application that does NOT appear to be a security risk
The Process Server database currently registers schwizex.exe to Imagine.
This is part of ConfigSafe.
The Process Manager database is updated often, but inaccuracies may still exist, often caused by viruses named after valid files such as ConfigSafe. Always verify your results just to play it safe.
Wednesday, April 11, 2007
Work For Today... Dr. Watson
Dr. Watson is a software utility included with Microsoft Windows that is used to help detect, decode and log errors that are encountered while windows or windows programs are running.
A user can run Dr. Watson by clicking Start / Run and typing "drwatson" and clicking ok. The Windows NT and 2000 Version of Dr. Watson can be run by clicking Start / Run and typing "drwtsn32". When running Dr. Watson, you should see either a new task on your toolbar or on your systray indicating that Dr. Watson is running in the background. If errors are frequently occurring, run Dr. Watson to help get additional information about the error.
When Dr. Watson encounters an error, the error is logged under the file "drwtsn32.log" or "user.dmp" when running Microsoft Windows NT or Windows 2000. When running Microsoft Windows 95, 98 or ME, the file is logged with a .WLG file extension and stored under the \Windows\Drwatson or \Documents and Settings\All Users\Documents\DrWatson folder. For example, 10.wlg and drwtsn32.txt are examples of Dr. Watson files.
Tip: If your computer is encountering errors often, load Dr. Watson into the startup folder to load the program each time the computer boots.
A user can run Dr. Watson by clicking Start / Run and typing "drwatson" and clicking ok. The Windows NT and 2000 Version of Dr. Watson can be run by clicking Start / Run and typing "drwtsn32". When running Dr. Watson, you should see either a new task on your toolbar or on your systray indicating that Dr. Watson is running in the background. If errors are frequently occurring, run Dr. Watson to help get additional information about the error.
When Dr. Watson encounters an error, the error is logged under the file "drwtsn32.log" or "user.dmp" when running Microsoft Windows NT or Windows 2000. When running Microsoft Windows 95, 98 or ME, the file is logged with a .WLG file extension and stored under the \Windows\Drwatson or \Documents and Settings\All Users\Documents\DrWatson folder. For example, 10.wlg and drwtsn32.txt are examples of Dr. Watson files.
Tip: If your computer is encountering errors often, load Dr. Watson into the startup folder to load the program each time the computer boots.
Tuesday, April 10, 2007
Work For Today... Recovery CD
Recovery CD- A recovery CD is a CD-ROM (or, more recently, a DVD data disc) that is included with many PC computers manufactured by OEM companies which run under Microsoft Windows. The recovery CD or DVD contains a complete copy of the entire contents of the hard drive in its factory default state. Computer manufacturers provide the recovery CD so that the end user can quickly and easily restore their system to its factory default state without having to worry about installing individual pieces of software or device drivers. However, users must be aware that the recovery process may involve destroying all information they have added to the hard disc.
Ghost Imaging- Ghost is a disk cloning program, originally produced by Binary Research, but purchased by Symantec on June 24, 1998. The Ghost program launched the market for disk-cloning software. The name Ghost originated as an acronym for "General Hardware-Oriented Software Transfer".
Ghost Software 7.0-
symantec
"Managing today’s increasingly heterogeneous enterprise environments of connected and mobile PCs poses major challenges for IT managers. Primary among them is the need to control the costs of setting up new PCs, migrating user desktop settings, and deploying OS and application upgrades and updates. By enabling the remote management of routine tasks such as PC deployment, cloning, changes in configuration settings, user migration, and backup and recovery of disk images, Symantec Ghost streamlines the configuration and management of networked PCs, thereby dramatically reducing IT costs."
Ghost Imaging- Ghost is a disk cloning program, originally produced by Binary Research, but purchased by Symantec on June 24, 1998. The Ghost program launched the market for disk-cloning software. The name Ghost originated as an acronym for "General Hardware-Oriented Software Transfer".
Ghost Software 7.0-
symantec
"Managing today’s increasingly heterogeneous enterprise environments of connected and mobile PCs poses major challenges for IT managers. Primary among them is the need to control the costs of setting up new PCs, migrating user desktop settings, and deploying OS and application upgrades and updates. By enabling the remote management of routine tasks such as PC deployment, cloning, changes in configuration settings, user migration, and backup and recovery of disk images, Symantec Ghost streamlines the configuration and management of networked PCs, thereby dramatically reducing IT costs."
Monday, April 9, 2007
Work For Today... Plug and Play!
Plug and play is a computer feature that allows the addition of a new device, normally a peripheral, without requiring reconfiguration or manual installation of device drivers. This concept should not be confused with the specific branded ISA add-on technology marketed by Intel and Microsoft.
Thursday, March 29, 2007
Work For Today
ASR- ASR represents a new approach to backup and recovery. Prior to ASR, after a large-scale failure, you needed to reinstall Windows, configure all physical storage to the original settings, and then perform a complete restore of the data. The process of rebuilding the operating system could be lengthy, and you needed to perform many of these tasks at the local computer. ASR significantly automates this process. In addition to automating the restore of a single system, ASR can be used with Remote Installation Services (RIS) to automate the system state recovery of several systems across the network.
To prepare for ASR recovery, you must run the Automated System Recovery Wizard, which is part of Backup. To access this wizard when you are running Backup in Advanced Mode, click Tools and select ASR Wizard. You can start Backup in Advanced Mode by clearing the Always start in Wizard Mode check box when Backup starts.
ERD-
Emergency Repair Disk, a Windows backup disk created by using the Backup utility. The ERD contains information about the current Windows system settings and can be used to rebuild the system if the file system becomes corrupt or the operating system will not start up. Whenever the Registry is altered - such as adding new software or hardware, installing a service pack or hot fix, making system modifications or adding new users to an account database - a new ERD should ideally be created to return the user to the most recent setup in case the ERD is needed to repair the damaged system. The disk can also be used to restore an old account that has been deleted if there is a copy of the system on an ERD from before the time the account was deleted.
It is important to note that the ERD is not a bootable disk.
This feature of Windows does not back up files or programs and should not be used as a replacement for regularly backing up your system.
Users can follow the Start/Programs/Accessories/System Tools/Backup/Emergency Repair Disk path in Windows in order to create an ERD.
System Restore- System Restore is a component of Microsoft's Windows Me and Windows XP operating systems that allows for the rolling back of system files, registry keys, installed programs, etc., to a previous state in the event of a failure.
To prepare for ASR recovery, you must run the Automated System Recovery Wizard, which is part of Backup. To access this wizard when you are running Backup in Advanced Mode, click Tools and select ASR Wizard. You can start Backup in Advanced Mode by clearing the Always start in Wizard Mode check box when Backup starts.
ERD-
Emergency Repair Disk, a Windows backup disk created by using the Backup utility. The ERD contains information about the current Windows system settings and can be used to rebuild the system if the file system becomes corrupt or the operating system will not start up. Whenever the Registry is altered - such as adding new software or hardware, installing a service pack or hot fix, making system modifications or adding new users to an account database - a new ERD should ideally be created to return the user to the most recent setup in case the ERD is needed to repair the damaged system. The disk can also be used to restore an old account that has been deleted if there is a copy of the system on an ERD from before the time the account was deleted.
It is important to note that the ERD is not a bootable disk.
This feature of Windows does not back up files or programs and should not be used as a replacement for regularly backing up your system.
Users can follow the Start/Programs/Accessories/System Tools/Backup/Emergency Repair Disk path in Windows in order to create an ERD.
System Restore- System Restore is a component of Microsoft's Windows Me and Windows XP operating systems that allows for the rolling back of system files, registry keys, installed programs, etc., to a previous state in the event of a failure.
Wednesday, March 28, 2007
Differences Between Windows 9x and NT
Windows 95 does not support common groups
Windows 95 user profiles do not copy all desktop items, copied items are restricted to shortcuts (.lnk) and program information (.pif) files.
Windows 95 user profiles don’t support a centrally stored Default User profile.
Windows 95 clients don’t use the Windows NT Server profile path to obtain roaming user profiles. They can be retrieved only from the user’s home directory.
To use mandatory user profiles on computers running Windows 95 on a Windows NT Server network, an administrator must create a custom user profile for each user and copy the user profile files to each user’s home directory.
Windows 95 does not support the Application Data folder that makes up the folders structure.
Windows 95 user profiles do not copy all desktop items, copied items are restricted to shortcuts (.lnk) and program information (.pif) files.
Windows 95 user profiles don’t support a centrally stored Default User profile.
Windows 95 clients don’t use the Windows NT Server profile path to obtain roaming user profiles. They can be retrieved only from the user’s home directory.
To use mandatory user profiles on computers running Windows 95 on a Windows NT Server network, an administrator must create a custom user profile for each user and copy the user profile files to each user’s home directory.
Windows 95 does not support the Application Data folder that makes up the folders structure.
Tuesday, March 27, 2007
Recovery Console
What is recovery console? The Recovery Console is a feature of the Windows 2000 and Windows XP operating systems. It provides the means for administrators to perform a limited range of tasks using a textual user interface. As its name suggests, its primary function is to enable administrators to recover from situations where Windows does not boot as far as presenting its graphical user interface.
How do we invoke recovery console? The recovery console is always available from the operating system installation CD-ROM. To invoke it, an administrator simply boots the computer from the CD-ROM. From the operating system setup utility, Windows 2000 users have to select two menu options ("To repair a Windows 2000 installation, press R." and then "To repair a Windows 2000 installation by using the recovery console, press C.") whereas Windows XP users have to select just one ("To repair a Windows XP installation using recovery console, press R.")
Task Performed: The recovery console has a simple command line interface. Many of the available commands closely resemble the command line commands that are normally available on Windows, namely attrib, copy, del, and so forth. (However, they are not identical. The normal Windows commands are Win32 programs, which are incapable of running in the environment that the Recovery Console executes in, where no Win32 subsystem is present.)
From the recovery console an administrator can:
create and remove directories, and copy, erase, display, and rename files
enable and disable services (which modifies the service control database in the registry, to take effect when the system is next bootstrapped)
write a new Master Boot Record to a disc, using the fixmbr command
write a new Volume Boot Record to a volume, using the fixboot command
format volumes
expand files from the compressed format in which they are stored on the installation CD-ROM
perform a full CHKDSK scan to repair corrupted disks and files, especially if the computer cannot be started properly
Filesystem access on the recovery console is by default severely limited. An administrator using the recovery console has only read-only access to all volumes except for the boot volume, and even on the boot volume only access to the root directory and to the Windows system directory (e.g. \WINNT). This can be changed by changing Security Policies.
How do we invoke recovery console? The recovery console is always available from the operating system installation CD-ROM. To invoke it, an administrator simply boots the computer from the CD-ROM. From the operating system setup utility, Windows 2000 users have to select two menu options ("To repair a Windows 2000 installation, press R." and then "To repair a Windows 2000 installation by using the recovery console, press C.") whereas Windows XP users have to select just one ("To repair a Windows XP installation using recovery console, press R.")
Task Performed: The recovery console has a simple command line interface. Many of the available commands closely resemble the command line commands that are normally available on Windows, namely attrib, copy, del, and so forth. (However, they are not identical. The normal Windows commands are Win32 programs, which are incapable of running in the environment that the Recovery Console executes in, where no Win32 subsystem is present.)
From the recovery console an administrator can:
create and remove directories, and copy, erase, display, and rename files
enable and disable services (which modifies the service control database in the registry, to take effect when the system is next bootstrapped)
write a new Master Boot Record to a disc, using the fixmbr command
write a new Volume Boot Record to a volume, using the fixboot command
format volumes
expand files from the compressed format in which they are stored on the installation CD-ROM
perform a full CHKDSK scan to repair corrupted disks and files, especially if the computer cannot be started properly
Filesystem access on the recovery console is by default severely limited. An administrator using the recovery console has only read-only access to all volumes except for the boot volume, and even on the boot volume only access to the root directory and to the Windows system directory (e.g. \WINNT). This can be changed by changing Security Policies.
Monday, March 26, 2007
Work For Today... Week Project
Moday
Safe Mode: is a diagnostic mode used by certain computer operating systems, including Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, as well as other complex electronic devices. While an operating system is in safe mode, it will have reduced functionality, but it is easier to isolate problems because many non-core components are disabled. An installation that will only boot into its safe mode typically has a major problem, such as disk corruption or the installation of poorly configured software that prevents the operating system from successfully booting into its normal operating mode.
Though it varies by operating system, typically safe mode loads as few executable modules as possible and usually disables devices, except for the minimum necessary to display information and accept input. Safe mode can also take the form of a parallel "miniature" operating system that has no configuration information shared with the normal operating system. For example, on Microsoft Windows, the user can choose to boot to the recovery console, a small text-based troubleshooting mode kept separate from the main operating system (and can also be accessed by booting the install CD), or to various "safe mode" options that run the dysfunctional operating system, but with features such as video drivers and networking disabled.
Safe mode typically provides access to utility and diagnostic programs so a user can troubleshoot what is preventing the operating system from working normally. Safe mode is intended for maintenance, not functionality, and provides minimal access to features which often frustrates users who are only aware that their computer "isn't working right".
Safe mode is a troubleshooting method on most electronic devices, including cell phones and interplanetary spacecraft which often run VxWorks.
Safe mode in Microsoft Windows is accessed by repeatedly pressing the "F8" key as the operating system boots (Microsoft's official website for Windows XP simply advises users to press "F8" once, but in practice the exact moment at which to press the key can vary from computer to computer, so it is better to repeatedly press the key at one second intervals). Also, in a multi-boot environment with multiple versions of Windows installed side by side, one can press F8 at the OS selector prompt to get to Safe mode.
An equivalently minimal setting in UNIX-like operating systems is single-user mode, in which daemons and the X Window System are not started, and only the root user can log in. On Mac OS versions 6, 7, 8 and 9, a similar mode is achieved by holding down the shift key while booting, which starts the system without extensions. In Mac OS X holding the shift key after powering up puts the system in safe mode. Safe mode with networking, one of the variations of safe mode, can be used to troubleshoot network issues.
Application software sometimes offers a safe mode as well. In the PHP interpreter, safe mode offers stricter security measures. Mozilla Firefox's safe mode allows the user to remove extensions which may be preventing the browser from loading. - Wiki.org
Safe Mode: is a diagnostic mode used by certain computer operating systems, including Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, as well as other complex electronic devices. While an operating system is in safe mode, it will have reduced functionality, but it is easier to isolate problems because many non-core components are disabled. An installation that will only boot into its safe mode typically has a major problem, such as disk corruption or the installation of poorly configured software that prevents the operating system from successfully booting into its normal operating mode.
Though it varies by operating system, typically safe mode loads as few executable modules as possible and usually disables devices, except for the minimum necessary to display information and accept input. Safe mode can also take the form of a parallel "miniature" operating system that has no configuration information shared with the normal operating system. For example, on Microsoft Windows, the user can choose to boot to the recovery console, a small text-based troubleshooting mode kept separate from the main operating system (and can also be accessed by booting the install CD), or to various "safe mode" options that run the dysfunctional operating system, but with features such as video drivers and networking disabled.
Safe mode typically provides access to utility and diagnostic programs so a user can troubleshoot what is preventing the operating system from working normally. Safe mode is intended for maintenance, not functionality, and provides minimal access to features which often frustrates users who are only aware that their computer "isn't working right".
Safe mode is a troubleshooting method on most electronic devices, including cell phones and interplanetary spacecraft which often run VxWorks.
Safe mode in Microsoft Windows is accessed by repeatedly pressing the "F8" key as the operating system boots (Microsoft's official website for Windows XP simply advises users to press "F8" once, but in practice the exact moment at which to press the key can vary from computer to computer, so it is better to repeatedly press the key at one second intervals). Also, in a multi-boot environment with multiple versions of Windows installed side by side, one can press F8 at the OS selector prompt to get to Safe mode.
An equivalently minimal setting in UNIX-like operating systems is single-user mode, in which daemons and the X Window System are not started, and only the root user can log in. On Mac OS versions 6, 7, 8 and 9, a similar mode is achieved by holding down the shift key while booting, which starts the system without extensions. In Mac OS X holding the shift key after powering up puts the system in safe mode. Safe mode with networking, one of the variations of safe mode, can be used to troubleshoot network issues.
Application software sometimes offers a safe mode as well. In the PHP interpreter, safe mode offers stricter security measures. Mozilla Firefox's safe mode allows the user to remove extensions which may be preventing the browser from loading. - Wiki.org
Tuesday, March 20, 2007
windows registry
In computing, the Windows registry is a database which stores settings and options for the operating system for Microsoft Windows 32-bit versions, 64-bit versions and Windows Mobile. It contains information and settings for all the hardware, operating system software, most non-operating system software, users, and preferences of the PC and so on. Whenever a user makes changes to "Control Panel" settings, or file associations, system policies, or installed software, the changes are reflected and stored in the registry.
Windows XP Registry Editor
The Windows Registry was introduced to tidy up the profusion of per-program INI files that had previously been used to store configuration settings for Windows programs. These files tended to be scattered all over the system, which made them difficult to track.
Windows XP Registry Editor
The Windows Registry was introduced to tidy up the profusion of per-program INI files that had previously been used to store configuration settings for Windows programs. These files tended to be scattered all over the system, which made them difficult to track.
Monday, March 19, 2007
Work For Today...Win.ini!
WIN.INI was a basic INI file used in early versions of Microsoft Windows to set basic settings at boot time. By default, all font, communications drivers, wallpaper, screen saver, and language settings were stored in WIN.INI by Windows 3.x. Many of these settings were honored in Windows 9x, although the files had begun to be phased out in favor of the Windows registry. Windows XP still acknowledges some entries in the WIN.INI file, to provide backwards compatibility with older 16-bit applications. However, when a fresh install of XP is performed, the WIN.INI file created is initially blank.
EDITING Microsoft bundles two specialized editors for core configuration files (such as WIN.INI, SYSTEM.INI, CONFIG.SYS, and AUTOEXEC.BAT) with its operating systems. Sysedit is an MDI text editor that opens all of those files simultaneously, available in all versions of Windows since Windows 3.x. MSConfig is a simpler application that allows a user to enable and disable drivers and applications from being loaded at startup by the aforementioned files and the Run, RunEx, and RunOnce registry keys.
EDITING Microsoft bundles two specialized editors for core configuration files (such as WIN.INI, SYSTEM.INI, CONFIG.SYS, and AUTOEXEC.BAT) with its operating systems. Sysedit is an MDI text editor that opens all of those files simultaneously, available in all versions of Windows since Windows 3.x. MSConfig is a simpler application that allows a user to enable and disable drivers and applications from being loaded at startup by the aforementioned files and the Run, RunEx, and RunOnce registry keys.
Thursday, March 15, 2007
Work For Today...
This Startup File Database contains a list of almost every possible application that could load itself when your computer first boots up. Many of these applications are unnecessary and can slow your PC down, some are spyware and can cause hard to your computer and others are applications that you should leave running as they are required to perform certain system operations.
You can find out which items you have running on startup by running "msconfig" from Start > Run and then clicking the Startup tab. Each of the items with a tick next to it is loading each time Windows starts. To find out more about each application, browse the alphabetical list below or type the filename into the search box.
registry: local machine
startup folder doucuments and settings/ all users
win.ini: sysedit
You can find out which items you have running on startup by running "msconfig" from Start > Run and then clicking the Startup tab. Each of the items with a tick next to it is loading each time Windows starts. To find out more about each application, browse the alphabetical list below or type the filename into the search box.
registry: local machine
startup folder doucuments and settings/ all users
win.ini: sysedit
Wednesday, March 14, 2007
Work For Today...
Dual booting or dual-booting is the act of installing multiple operating systems on a computer, and being able to choose which one to boot when switching on the computer power. The program which makes dual booting possible is called a boot loader.
Tuesday, March 13, 2007
Work For Today... 2 Questions!
What is the difference between windows 9x and windows XP? The Windows XP platform is based on the Windows NT/2000 product line, and not the DOS-based Windows 9x product line.
Why does Windows XP belong to the NT family? Because it uses NT/2000 product line and not the old DOS-based product line.
Why does Windows XP belong to the NT family? Because it uses NT/2000 product line and not the old DOS-based product line.
Tuesday, March 6, 2007
Two Topics for Today...
Windows Update: Windows Update is a Control Panel applet found in recent versions of Microsoft Windows that provides updates for the operating system and related components, such as definition updates to the Windows Defender anti-spyware product and Junk Mail filter updates for Windows Mail. Windows Update is also the means to download Windows Ultimate Extras, optional content offered to users of Windows Vista Ultimate.
Microsoft Update is an optional feature in Windows Update that provides updates not only for the operating system, but also certain Microsoft software. It is not enabled by default.
System Restore: System Restore is a component of Microsoft's Windows Me and Windows XP operating systems that allows for the rolling back of system files, registry keys, installed programs, etc., to a previous state in the event of a failure.
In Windows Vista, System Restore features an improved interface.
Microsoft Update is an optional feature in Windows Update that provides updates not only for the operating system, but also certain Microsoft software. It is not enabled by default.
System Restore: System Restore is a component of Microsoft's Windows Me and Windows XP operating systems that allows for the rolling back of system files, registry keys, installed programs, etc., to a previous state in the event of a failure.
In Windows Vista, System Restore features an improved interface.
Monday, March 5, 2007
Windows XP Installation
1.
Power on the computer. Press the Pause/Break key as soon as you see text on the screen.
[If you currently are running in an OS of any flavor, insert XP CD and restart computer. Skip to #3 if system is configured to boot from CD.]
2.
Insert XP CD into CD drive. Press ENTER to resume booting from the XP CD. (BIOS must support booting from CD and boot order must be set so CD boots before hard drive. If computer does not support booting from CD go to 2a for floppy install).
2a. Floppy install: Boot from Win98/Me/Special XP install floppy disk with smartdrv.exe added to the boot disk or the Win XP set of 6 floppy disks.
3.
Look for message "booting from CD" usually located at the bottom of the screen. If you have a factory splash screen, press ESC to unload it.
3a. Floppy install: From the A Prompt; A:\type: smartdrv.exe. then press ENTER. If you are using the XP boot floppy setup disks skip to step #5.
4.
Press any Key when you see the prompt to 'Press Any Key"
4a. Floppy install: CD to the location of the CD-ROM drive with the XP setup files; CD to the i386 folder where you will type: winnt.exe to start setup.
5.
Setup will start copying files, if you need to install any third-party or RAID drivers press F6 at this time. the copying of files can take awhile.
6.
Next you will get the option to repair or enter setup, choose to enter setup. Press ENTER.
To see images full size, place mouse cursor over image and click/double click or press the left button and open.
7.
Press F8 if you agree to the license.
8.
Setup will scan for previous Windows installations
9.
If you are using the upgrade version of XP on a computer without any version of Windows currently installed, this is where you will replace the XP CD with your qualifying CD, XP setup will scan the qualifying CD and instruct you to replace it with the XP CD to continue XP setup; otherwise, you will not see this screen. Clean install qualifying media can be any of the following Win NT3.51, 4.0, 2000, Win 95, 98, Me and XP Home when upgrading to XP Pro.
10.
Choose the location to install.
10a If this is a clean hard drive, you can choose to create a partition in the un-partitioned space. At this point, you can allow Setup to use all the space or set a size for the partition.
10b If the hard drive or partition has a previous installation of XP you want to remove, choose to delete the partition by pressing "D". You will then be prompted to create a new partition in the empty space. This will remove all data from the deleted space.
If setup returns a message the partition contains the setup files and cannot be deleted use the info from this link: Delete NON-DOS Partition
10c If you intend to use multiple partitions or dual boot, this is where you specify the size of the boot partition and or setup location for XP. If you are planning to dual boot XP, I would create a small 100 meg DOS partition for the first primary partition, then an 8 to 10 gig partition for XP. You can partition and format the remaining space after XP is setup from Disk Manager. If you do not intend to dual boot, you can either use all the un-partitioned space or create an 8 to 10 gig partition for XP and leave the rest free to partition later.
If a fat32 partition larger than 32 gigabyte is desired, the hard drive or partition will need to be created before running XP setup. XP will not create a fat 32 partition larger than 32 gig, but will support one previously created.
11.
Choose the file system from this screen. If dual booting and you created the small 100 meg partition, make it a fat partition. NTFS is configured at the optimal file size during the initial setup. See this link for more on NTFS
If you have more that one partition or hard drive on your system, make sure you are formatting the correct partition/drive.
12.
This is where you reinsert the XP Pro Upgrade CD if necessary.
13.
Press Enter to continue.
14.
Setup will show a progress box and reboot when copying files is complete.
15.
When you see the "Press any Key to Reboot" do not Press any Key. If CD boots anyway, remove CD and reboot.
16.
From this point, you will follow the on screen prompts.
17.
If you live outside the US, you will probably need to modify the default settings.
18.
Personalize your XP Enter your Name and Organization.
19.
Enter the Product Key. The Key is located on the back of the CD folder in the Retail versions and on a holographic label with the OEM versions purchased with a piece of hardware. Write this key down and secure it in a safe place in case the original is misplaced or destroyed through natural causes.
20.
Choose a name for the computer, this should be a unique name for the computer, especially if it is to be connected to a network. In Pro, you are given the option of creating a password or leaving it blank.
21.
Set your Time Zone and Time and Date.
22.
Setup will scan for network.
23.
If detected you will have the choice to choose a typical configuration or custom. Choose typical if you are unsure.
24.
For home you will choose your workgroup, if a network is already established and you intend to connect to it, use the existing workgroup name, otherwise, I suggest using the default.
25.
For Pro, the same goes for Pro as suggested for Home, but you will have the choice to join a Domain, if you do not have a Domain or do not know leave blank.
26.
Setup will continue and reboot when completed ignore the "Press Any Key".
27.
The XP loading window will now display after reboot.
Note: All XP SP2 versions now show the same XP loading screen. Windows XP is displayed for both Home and Professional.
28.
You will see a change display settings, say yes, and accept the setting if you can see the screen after accepting.
29.
You will see a welcome screen, press next and unfortunately you have to wait for the dialog to finish.
30.
Set up your internet or network connection.
31.
This is the Activate, Register screen. You must activate within 30 days of installing XP, but you do not ever have to register, Registration is completely optional and if you do not register, no personal information will be transmitted during activation. If you register, then activation will transmit that information along with the activation. The first Activation is usually done over the internet if the computer is connected to the internet, otherwise, it can be accomplished by copying the alphanumeric string from the activation screen and make a phone call to the phone number [Usually Toll Free] supplied on screen. The activation center will then give you a slightly longer number to input into for activation. I suggest you do not activate immediately in case you need to make hard ware changes or install to a different system within the thirty days and you will be reminded on boot up until you do.
Blaster worm warning: Enable the XP firewall before connecting to the internet. Do not immediately activate over the internet. You can activate after the firewall is enabled.
To enable the XP firewall: Control Panel - Network Connections. Right click the connection you use, Properties and there is a check box on the Advanced page.
32.
Setup users screen. Set at least one user for yourself or the person that will be using the computer.
33.
Thank You
34.
Logon to XP and apply Service Pack and Critical updates from Windows Update before installing any software or hardware.
35.
Install your anti-virus software.
36.
Install all applications and setup your email.
37.
Restore from Files and Settings transfer after reinstalling all applications.
Power on the computer. Press the Pause/Break key as soon as you see text on the screen.
[If you currently are running in an OS of any flavor, insert XP CD and restart computer. Skip to #3 if system is configured to boot from CD.]
2.
Insert XP CD into CD drive. Press ENTER to resume booting from the XP CD. (BIOS must support booting from CD and boot order must be set so CD boots before hard drive. If computer does not support booting from CD go to 2a for floppy install).
2a. Floppy install: Boot from Win98/Me/Special XP install floppy disk with smartdrv.exe added to the boot disk or the Win XP set of 6 floppy disks.
3.
Look for message "booting from CD" usually located at the bottom of the screen. If you have a factory splash screen, press ESC to unload it.
3a. Floppy install: From the A Prompt; A:\type: smartdrv.exe. then press ENTER. If you are using the XP boot floppy setup disks skip to step #5.
4.
Press any Key when you see the prompt to 'Press Any Key"
4a. Floppy install: CD to the location of the CD-ROM drive with the XP setup files; CD to the i386 folder where you will type: winnt.exe to start setup.
5.
Setup will start copying files, if you need to install any third-party or RAID drivers press F6 at this time. the copying of files can take awhile.
6.
Next you will get the option to repair or enter setup, choose to enter setup. Press ENTER.
To see images full size, place mouse cursor over image and click/double click or press the left button and open.
7.
Press F8 if you agree to the license.
8.
Setup will scan for previous Windows installations
9.
If you are using the upgrade version of XP on a computer without any version of Windows currently installed, this is where you will replace the XP CD with your qualifying CD, XP setup will scan the qualifying CD and instruct you to replace it with the XP CD to continue XP setup; otherwise, you will not see this screen. Clean install qualifying media can be any of the following Win NT3.51, 4.0, 2000, Win 95, 98, Me and XP Home when upgrading to XP Pro.
10.
Choose the location to install.
10a If this is a clean hard drive, you can choose to create a partition in the un-partitioned space. At this point, you can allow Setup to use all the space or set a size for the partition.
10b If the hard drive or partition has a previous installation of XP you want to remove, choose to delete the partition by pressing "D". You will then be prompted to create a new partition in the empty space. This will remove all data from the deleted space.
If setup returns a message the partition contains the setup files and cannot be deleted use the info from this link: Delete NON-DOS Partition
10c If you intend to use multiple partitions or dual boot, this is where you specify the size of the boot partition and or setup location for XP. If you are planning to dual boot XP, I would create a small 100 meg DOS partition for the first primary partition, then an 8 to 10 gig partition for XP. You can partition and format the remaining space after XP is setup from Disk Manager. If you do not intend to dual boot, you can either use all the un-partitioned space or create an 8 to 10 gig partition for XP and leave the rest free to partition later.
If a fat32 partition larger than 32 gigabyte is desired, the hard drive or partition will need to be created before running XP setup. XP will not create a fat 32 partition larger than 32 gig, but will support one previously created.
11.
Choose the file system from this screen. If dual booting and you created the small 100 meg partition, make it a fat partition. NTFS is configured at the optimal file size during the initial setup. See this link for more on NTFS
If you have more that one partition or hard drive on your system, make sure you are formatting the correct partition/drive.
12.
This is where you reinsert the XP Pro Upgrade CD if necessary.
13.
Press Enter to continue.
14.
Setup will show a progress box and reboot when copying files is complete.
15.
When you see the "Press any Key to Reboot" do not Press any Key. If CD boots anyway, remove CD and reboot.
16.
From this point, you will follow the on screen prompts.
17.
If you live outside the US, you will probably need to modify the default settings.
18.
Personalize your XP Enter your Name and Organization.
19.
Enter the Product Key. The Key is located on the back of the CD folder in the Retail versions and on a holographic label with the OEM versions purchased with a piece of hardware. Write this key down and secure it in a safe place in case the original is misplaced or destroyed through natural causes.
20.
Choose a name for the computer, this should be a unique name for the computer, especially if it is to be connected to a network. In Pro, you are given the option of creating a password or leaving it blank.
21.
Set your Time Zone and Time and Date.
22.
Setup will scan for network.
23.
If detected you will have the choice to choose a typical configuration or custom. Choose typical if you are unsure.
24.
For home you will choose your workgroup, if a network is already established and you intend to connect to it, use the existing workgroup name, otherwise, I suggest using the default.
25.
For Pro, the same goes for Pro as suggested for Home, but you will have the choice to join a Domain, if you do not have a Domain or do not know leave blank.
26.
Setup will continue and reboot when completed ignore the "Press Any Key".
27.
The XP loading window will now display after reboot.
Note: All XP SP2 versions now show the same XP loading screen. Windows XP is displayed for both Home and Professional.
28.
You will see a change display settings, say yes, and accept the setting if you can see the screen after accepting.
29.
You will see a welcome screen, press next and unfortunately you have to wait for the dialog to finish.
30.
Set up your internet or network connection.
31.
This is the Activate, Register screen. You must activate within 30 days of installing XP, but you do not ever have to register, Registration is completely optional and if you do not register, no personal information will be transmitted during activation. If you register, then activation will transmit that information along with the activation. The first Activation is usually done over the internet if the computer is connected to the internet, otherwise, it can be accomplished by copying the alphanumeric string from the activation screen and make a phone call to the phone number [Usually Toll Free] supplied on screen. The activation center will then give you a slightly longer number to input into for activation. I suggest you do not activate immediately in case you need to make hard ware changes or install to a different system within the thirty days and you will be reminded on boot up until you do.
Blaster worm warning: Enable the XP firewall before connecting to the internet. Do not immediately activate over the internet. You can activate after the firewall is enabled.
To enable the XP firewall: Control Panel - Network Connections. Right click the connection you use, Properties and there is a check box on the Advanced page.
32.
Setup users screen. Set at least one user for yourself or the person that will be using the computer.
33.
Thank You
34.
Logon to XP and apply Service Pack and Critical updates from Windows Update before installing any software or hardware.
35.
Install your anti-virus software.
36.
Install all applications and setup your email.
37.
Restore from Files and Settings transfer after reinstalling all applications.
Friday, March 2, 2007
Work For Today...
Curriculum-the aggregate of courses of study given in a school, college, university, etc
What is Partitioning?
Analyze of the partition of the O.S. installation step.
Learn Key
Blogger
What is the Process to partition and format your hardrive from a bootable floppy?
1.To format a hard drive with Windows XP or 2000, insert Windows CD and restart your computer.
2.Your computer should automatically boot from the CD to the Windows Setup Main Menu.
3.At the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER.
4.Press F8 to accept the Windows XP Licensing Agreement.
5.If an existing Windows XP installation is detected, you are prompted to repair it. To bypass the repair, press ESC.
6.Use the ARROW keys to select the partition or the unpartitioned space where you want to create a new partition. Press D to delete an existing partition, or press C to create a new partition.
7.Type the size in megabytes (MB) that you want to use for the new partition, and then press ENTER, or just press ENTER to create the partition with the maximum size.
8.Select the format option that you want to use for the partition (Recommended: NTFS), and then press ENTER.
9.After the Windows Setup program formats the partition, follow the instructions that appear on the screen to continue installing Windows.
What is Partitioning?
Analyze of the partition of the O.S. installation step.
Learn Key
Blogger
What is the Process to partition and format your hardrive from a bootable floppy?
1.To format a hard drive with Windows XP or 2000, insert Windows CD and restart your computer.
2.Your computer should automatically boot from the CD to the Windows Setup Main Menu.
3.At the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER.
4.Press F8 to accept the Windows XP Licensing Agreement.
5.If an existing Windows XP installation is detected, you are prompted to repair it. To bypass the repair, press ESC.
6.Use the ARROW keys to select the partition or the unpartitioned space where you want to create a new partition. Press D to delete an existing partition, or press C to create a new partition.
7.Type the size in megabytes (MB) that you want to use for the new partition, and then press ENTER, or just press ENTER to create the partition with the maximum size.
8.Select the format option that you want to use for the partition (Recommended: NTFS), and then press ENTER.
9.After the Windows Setup program formats the partition, follow the instructions that appear on the screen to continue installing Windows.
Thursday, March 1, 2007
Assignment For Today...
Harware requirements for Windows XP:
PC with 300 megahertz or higher processor clock speed recommended; 233 MHz minimum required (single or dual processor system);* Intel Pentium/Celeron family, or AMD K6/Athlon/Duron family, or compatible processor recommended
•
128 megabytes (MB) of RAM or higher recommended (64 MB minimum supported; may limit performance and some features)
•
1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available hard disk space*
•
Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher-resolution video adapter and monitor
•
CD-ROM or DVD drive
•
Keyboard and Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device
PC with 300 megahertz or higher processor clock speed recommended; 233 MHz minimum required (single or dual processor system);* Intel Pentium/Celeron family, or AMD K6/Athlon/Duron family, or compatible processor recommended
•
128 megabytes (MB) of RAM or higher recommended (64 MB minimum supported; may limit performance and some features)
•
1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available hard disk space*
•
Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher-resolution video adapter and monitor
•
CD-ROM or DVD drive
•
Keyboard and Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device
Wednesday, February 28, 2007
Work for today
Obligatory
What is installation disk?
Analyze the various installation methods and tools on different platforms.
Learn Key
Blogger
What is Installation disk?
The Remote Installation Boot disk allows the RIS server to be used by clients that do not have a PXE-enabled network adapter. The boot disk creates a PXE emulator that works on supported PCI network adapters that allow them to connect to the RIS server. Since one disk works for all network adapters, a specific network boot disk is no longer required. The supported network adapters are listed in the utility that creates the boot disk. This utility is named Rbfg.exe and can be found in the network folder:
reminst\admin\i386
RBFG floppy disks only support the adapters that are listed in the adapters list box. All of the adapters in this list are PCI based adapters. Network adapters that are ISA, ISA(pnp) and PCMCIA based are not supported. This disk can be useful when you need to use RIS to install programs to a laptop. Because we do not support PCMCIA, you can place the system in a docking station and use a RBFG generated boot disk to connect to the server provided the docking station contains a supported PCI network adapter.
What is a bootable CD?
LiveDistro is a generic term for an operating system distribution that is executed upon boot, without installation on a hard drive. Typically, it is stored on bootable media such as a CD-ROM (Live CD), DVD (Live DVD), USB flash drive (Live USB), among others.
The term "live" derives from the fact that it does not reside on a hard drive. Rather, it is "brought to life" upon boot without having to be physically installed onto a hard drive.
A LiveDistro does not alter the current operating system or files unless the user specifically requests it. The system returns to its previous state when the LiveDistro is ejected and the computer is rebooted. It does this by placing the files that typically would be stored on a hard drive into temporary memory, such as a ram disk. In fact, a hard drive is not needed at all. However, this does cut down on the RAM available to applications, reducing performance somewhat. At least 256 MB of RAM is recommended, but some LiveDistros do fine with less.
What is installation disk?
Analyze the various installation methods and tools on different platforms.
Learn Key
Blogger
What is Installation disk?
The Remote Installation Boot disk allows the RIS server to be used by clients that do not have a PXE-enabled network adapter. The boot disk creates a PXE emulator that works on supported PCI network adapters that allow them to connect to the RIS server. Since one disk works for all network adapters, a specific network boot disk is no longer required. The supported network adapters are listed in the utility that creates the boot disk. This utility is named Rbfg.exe and can be found in the network folder:
reminst\admin\i386
RBFG floppy disks only support the adapters that are listed in the adapters list box. All of the adapters in this list are PCI based adapters. Network adapters that are ISA, ISA(pnp) and PCMCIA based are not supported. This disk can be useful when you need to use RIS to install programs to a laptop. Because we do not support PCMCIA, you can place the system in a docking station and use a RBFG generated boot disk to connect to the server provided the docking station contains a supported PCI network adapter.
What is a bootable CD?
LiveDistro is a generic term for an operating system distribution that is executed upon boot, without installation on a hard drive. Typically, it is stored on bootable media such as a CD-ROM (Live CD), DVD (Live DVD), USB flash drive (Live USB), among others.
The term "live" derives from the fact that it does not reside on a hard drive. Rather, it is "brought to life" upon boot without having to be physically installed onto a hard drive.
A LiveDistro does not alter the current operating system or files unless the user specifically requests it. The system returns to its previous state when the LiveDistro is ejected and the computer is rebooted. It does this by placing the files that typically would be stored on a hard drive into temporary memory, such as a ram disk. In fact, a hard drive is not needed at all. However, this does cut down on the RAM available to applications, reducing performance somewhat. At least 256 MB of RAM is recommended, but some LiveDistros do fine with less.
Thursday, February 15, 2007
Questions for Today
1. What account has the full control of the computer? The Administrater
2. What is Active Directory? Active Directory is an implementation of LDAP directory services by Microsoft for use in Windows environments. Active Directory allows administrators to assign enterprise-wide policies, deploy programs to many computers, and apply critical updates to an entire organization. An Active Directory stores information and settings relating to an organization in a central, organized, accessible database. Active Directory networks can vary from a small installation with a few hundred objects, to a large installation with millions of objects.
3. What premissions can be set to a file? File editing, and reading, create and delete files, etc.
4. What premissions can be set to a folder?editing, sharing, reading a folder, etc.
2. What is Active Directory? Active Directory is an implementation of LDAP directory services by Microsoft for use in Windows environments. Active Directory allows administrators to assign enterprise-wide policies, deploy programs to many computers, and apply critical updates to an entire organization. An Active Directory stores information and settings relating to an organization in a central, organized, accessible database. Active Directory networks can vary from a small installation with a few hundred objects, to a large installation with millions of objects.
3. What premissions can be set to a file? File editing, and reading, create and delete files, etc.
4. What premissions can be set to a folder?editing, sharing, reading a folder, etc.
Monday, February 12, 2007
Thursday, February 8, 2007
Learn Key Assignment
1. What are the two components inside Boot Sector? Volume Boot Record, and Master Boot Record.
2. What is MBR?
"A master boot record (MBR) is the first sector ("sector zero") of a data storage device such as a hard disk. It is sometimes used for bootstrapping operating systems, sometimes used for holding a disc's partition table, and sometimes used for uniquely identifying individual disc media; although on some machines it is entirely unused and ignored.
In practice, MBR almost always refers to the 512-byte boot sector, or partition sector of a disk partitioned for IBM PC-compatible computers. Due to the broad popularity of PC-compatible computers, this type of MBR is widely used, to the extent of being supported on other types of computer, and incorporated into newer cross-platform standards for bootstrapping and partitioning."- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record.
3. What are the two ways to format a disk? The High Level and the Low Level.
2. What is MBR?
"A master boot record (MBR) is the first sector ("sector zero") of a data storage device such as a hard disk. It is sometimes used for bootstrapping operating systems, sometimes used for holding a disc's partition table, and sometimes used for uniquely identifying individual disc media; although on some machines it is entirely unused and ignored.
In practice, MBR almost always refers to the 512-byte boot sector, or partition sector of a disk partitioned for IBM PC-compatible computers. Due to the broad popularity of PC-compatible computers, this type of MBR is widely used, to the extent of being supported on other types of computer, and incorporated into newer cross-platform standards for bootstrapping and partitioning."- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record.
3. What are the two ways to format a disk? The High Level and the Low Level.
Tuesday, February 6, 2007
DOS Commands
"attrib
Change or view the attributes of one or more files. It defaults to displaying the attributes of all files in the current directory.
Options:
To add an attribute attach a '+' in front of it.
To remove an attribute attach a '-' in front of it
Attributes include
R - Read-only
A - Archive
S - System
H - Hidden attrib [+-ahrs] [filespec]
Roughly equivalent to the Unix command chmod. In Linux, the command chattr also performs similar functions.
[edit] cd or chdir
Change current directory. cd directory
Equivalent to the Unix command cd (with parameters), or pwd (without parameters). (cd .. descends a directory.)
[edit] chkdsk
Verifies a hard disk or a floppy disk for file system integrity.
Options:
/F : Fixes errors on the disk
/V : Displays the full path and name of every file on the disk chkdsk drive [[path]filename] [/F] [/V]
Equivalent to the Unix command fsck
[edit] cls
Clears the screen. cls
Equivalent to the Unix command clear.
[edit] copy
Copies files from one location to another. The destination defaults to the current directory. If multiple source files are indicated, the destination must be a directory, or an error will result. copy filespec [destination]
Equivalent to the Unix command cp.
Files may be copied to devices (e.g. "copy file lpt1" would send the file to the printer on lpt1. "copy file con" would output to screen, which would be the same as type.
Most useful to note that "copy file.txt+file2.txt file_cat.txt" will concatenate the files and output them as file_cat.txt. Which is just like the "cat" command.
[edit] copy devicecopy device filename
In this usage, data is written from the given device to the file until the end-of-file character (ASCII character 26, which may be typed as ctrl-Z) is encountered. The most commonly used device is named con, which is short for "console"; thus, copy con filename would allow the user to type directly into a file, and press ctrl-Z when finished.
In Unix, this functionality is provided by the cat command. cat > filename (with ctrl+D to finish) would be equivalent to the DOS command copy con filename.
[edit] defrag
Defragments disk drive defrag driveletter
No Unix equivalent.
DR DOS equivalent was the diskopt command.
[edit] del or erase
Deletes files. del filename
erase filename
To delete files in Quiet mode del /Q filename
Equivalent to the Unix command rm.
[edit] deltree
Deletes a directory along with all of the files and subdirectories that it contains. Normally, it will ask for confirmation of such a drastic action. deltree [/y] directory
The /y parameter if present tells the deltree command to carry out without first prompting for confirmation.
The deltree command is not included in recent Microsoft Windows operating systems. Deleting a non-empty directory in those versions of Windows where the command is not included, can be achieved by the use of the rmdir command as in the following example:rmdir /s directory
In Unix, the functionality of deltree is provided by the rm command with the parameter -r (or -rf for the /y switch).
[edit] dir
Main article: Dir (DOS Command)
Displays contents of a directory.
Options :
/w : Wide list format
/p : Pause at every page
/s : Also look in subdirectories
/a[xx] : Display files with the specified attributes only
/o[xx] : Modifies sort order
/b : Uses bare format (no heading information or summary) dir [options] [filespec]
Equivalent to the Unix command ls (the option -l is "long" list format, it works the opposite way from /w.)
more options:
DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L] [/N] [/O[[:]sortorder]] [/P] [/Q] [/S] [/T[[:]timefield]] [/W] [/X] [/4]
[drive:][path][filename] Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list.
/A Displays files with specified attributes. attributes: D Directories R Read-only files H Hidden files
A Files ready for archiving S System files - Prefix meaning not
/B Uses bare format (no heading information or summary).
/C Display the thousand separator in file sizes. This is the default. Use /-C to disable display of separator.
/D Same as wide but files are list sorted by column.
/L Uses lowercase.
/N New long list format where filenames are on the far right.
/O List by files in sorted order. sortorder: N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first) E By extension (alphabetic) D By date/time (oldest first) G Group directories first - Prefix to reverse order
/P Pauses after each screenful of information.
/Q Display the owner of the file.
/S Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories.
/T Controls which time field displayed or used for sorting. timefield C Creation A Last Access W Last Written
/W Uses wide list format.
/X This displays the short names generated for non-8dot3 file names. The format is that of /N with the short name inserted before the long name. If no short name is present, blanks are displayed in its place.
/4 Displays four-digit years
[edit] echo
Prints its own arguments back out to the DOS equivalent of the standard output stream. Usually, this means directly to the screen, but the output of echo can be redirected like any other command. Often used in batch files to print text out to the user. echo this is text Outputs 'this is text'
echo. Outputs a blank line
Another important use of the echo command is to toggle echoing of commands on and off in batch files. echo on turns on echoing of commands
echo off turns off echoing of commands
Traditionally batch files begin with the @echo off statement. This says to the interpreter that echoing of commands should be off during the whole execution of the batch file thus resulting in a "tidier" output. The @ symbol declares that this particular command (echo off) should also be executed without echo. For example the following 2 batch files are equivalent:
Batch1.bat: @echo off
echo The files in your root directory:
dir /b /a-d c:\
Batch2.bat: @echo The files in your root directory:
@dir /b /a-d c:\
Echo can be used to write to files directly from the console, by redirecting the output stream: echo text > filename
Echo can also be used to append to files directly from the console, again by redirecting the output stream: echo text >> filename
To type more than one line from the console into a file, use copy con (above).
Equivalent to the Unix command echo.
[edit] exit
Exits the current batch script or the controlling thread. When running from Windows this will close the command prompt. EXIT [/B] [exitcode]
/B Exit the current batch script and set ERRORLEVEL to exitcode
Without this option, the controlling thread and any intermediate
batch files are immediately exited, and the process return code
is set to exitcode.
[edit] fdisk
Manipulates hard disk partition tables. The name derives from IBM's habit of calling hard drives fixed disks. When run from the command line, it displays a menu of various partitioning operations: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive
2. Set active partition
3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
4. Display partition information
5. Change current fixed disk drive
[edit] find
A filter to find lines in the input data stream that contain or don't contain a specified string and send these to the output data stream.
Find may also be used as a pipe. find "keyword" < ''inputfilename'' > ''outputfilename''
Searches for a text string in a file or files.
FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]]
/V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string.
/C Displays only the count of lines containing the string.
/N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.
/I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string.
"string" Specifies the text string to find.
[drive:][path]filename Specifies a file or files to search.
If a pathname is not specified, FIND searches the text typed at the prompt
or piped from another command.
Equivalent to the Unix command grep. The Unix command find performs an entirely different function; see tree.
[edit] format
Delete all the files on the disk and reformat it for MS-DOS
In most cases, this should only be used on floppy drives or other removable media. This command can potentially erase everything on a computer's hard disk.
/autotest and /backup are undocumented features. Both will format the drive without a confirmation prompt. format [options] drive
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/F:size] [/B /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/T:tracks /N:sectors] [/B /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/B /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/8] [/B /S] [/C]
/V[:label] Specifies the volume label.
/Q Performs a quick format.
/F:size Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format (such
as 160, 180, 320, 360, 720, 1.2, 1.44, 2.88).
/B Allocates space on the formatted disk for system files.
/S Copies system files to the formatted disk.
/T:tracks Specifies the number of tracks per disk side.
/N:sectors Specifies the number of sectors per track.
/1 Formats a single side of a floppy disk.
/4 Formats a 5.25-inch 360K floppy disk in a high-density drive.
/8 Formats eight sectors per track.
/C Tests clusters that are currently marked "bad."
Known as a joke among UNIX users of that time since every user on the machine could easily cause damage with just one command. Therefore, it was known in the UNIX community as "The big DOS timesaver".
Equivalent to the Unix command mkfs.
[edit] help
Gives help about DOS.
help 'command' would give help on a specific command, in MS-DOS 6 a HELP program was started which would give more details and examples, earlier versions basically gave the same information as command/? would give.
Partially equivalent to the Unix command man.
[edit] InterSvr
MS-DOS 6 and above command used to network PCs using a null modem cable or LapLink cable. The server-side version of InterLnk, it also immobilizes the machine it's running on as it's an active app (As opposed to a TSR) which must be running for any transfer to take place.
No Unix equivalent.
DR DOS equivalent is filelink, which is executed on both the client and server.
[edit] label
Changes the label on a logical drive, such as a hard disk partition or a floppy disk.
[edit] md or mkdir
Makes a new directory. The parent of the directory specified must already exist. md directory
Equivalent to the Unix command mkdir.
[edit] mem
Displays memory usage. mem
Equivalent to the Unix command free.
[edit] memmaker
Starting from version 6, MS-DOS included the external program MemMaker which was used to free system memory (especially Conventional memory) by automatically reconfiguring Autoexec.bat and Config.sys files. This was usually done by moving TSR Programs to the Upper memory. The whole process required 3 system restarts. Before the first restart the user was asked whether he wanted to enable EMS Memory or not.
The use of MemMaker was popular among gamers who wanted to enable or disable Expanded memory in order to run a game which required EMS or not. The result would however not be as good as someone changing the settings themself.
Options :
/BATCH Runs MemMaker in batch (unattended) mode. In batch mode, MemMaker takes the default action at all prompts.
/UNDO Instructs MemMaker to undo its most recent changes.
[edit] more
Pages through the output so that you can view more than one screen of text. command more
Equivalent to the Unix commands more and less.
More may also be used as a filter. more < inputfilename
[edit] move
Moves files or renames directories. move filename newname
move driveletter:\olddir driveletter:\newdir
Example: move c:\old c:\new
Equivalent to the Unix command mv.
[edit] msd
Main article: Microsoft Diagnostics
Provides detailed technical information about the computer's hardware and software. msd
No Unix Equvivalent, however in GNU/Linux similar type of information may be obtained from various text files in /proc directory.
[edit] pcpark
Parks the hard disk(s) (stops their turning) in order to enable safe shutdown; only used on early versions. pcpark
No Unix equivalent.
MS-DOS 3.2 (and possibly others) used the command HHSET
[edit] rd or rmdir
Remove a directory, which must be empty of files for the command to succeed. rd directory
Equivalent to the Unix command rmdir.
[edit] rem
Remark statement, normally used within a batch file. However on the command line, rem can also be used to create a zero length file by redirecting an empty remark statement to a filename. rem > newfilename
An alternative way to not run a specific statement in a batch file is creating a label that will never be used, ::.
In Unix, the # sign can be used to start a comment; the zero-length file can be achieved using various methods, such as the touch command or dd.
[edit] ren
Renames a file. Unlike the move command, this command cannot be used to rename subdirectories, or rename files across drives. ren filename newname
A more useful function of this command is to mass rename files by the use of wildcards. For example, the following command will change the extension of all files in the current directory from htm to html:ren *.htm *.html
In Unix, this functionality of a simple move is provided by the mv command, but changing extension of all files is not as simple..
[edit] scandisk
Disk diagnostic utility
Scandisk is a replacement for the chkdsk utility. Its primary advantages over chkdsk is that it is more reliable and has the ability to run a surface scan which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk. It is present on 16/32-bit MS-DOS-based versions of Windows like Windows 95, 98, 98SE, and Me. chkdsk has surface scan and bad cluster detection functionality built in on Windows NT based operating systems.
Equivalent to the Unix command fsck.
[edit] set
Sets environmental variables. See Environment variable.
[edit] sort
A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and send them to the output data stream. sort <> outputfilename
Equivalent to the Unix command sort.
[edit] time and date
Set/display the date and time date
time
Equivalent to the Unix command date with the important difference that calling this from the command line or a bat script will cause the program to halt requesting a new time until RETURN is pressed. The command 'time /t' will bypass this set feature.
[edit] tree
Shows the directory tree of the current directory
Options:
/F (Displays the names of the files in each folder.)
/A (Use ASCII instead of the extended characters.) tree [options] [directory]
Equivalent to the Unix command find.
[edit] truenametruename filename
Outputs the entire path (full directory and filename) of a file. For example, if the working drive and directory were C:\PROGRAMS and one typed truename fish, the output would be C:\PROGRAMS\FISH.
This command was rarely, if ever, documented in DOS manuals.
This command is similar to the Unix which command, which, given an executable found in $PATH, would give a full path and name. The C library function realpath performs this function.
[edit] type
Display a file. The more command is frequently used in conjunction with this command, e.g. type long-text-file more. type filename
Equivalent to the Unix command cat.
[edit] undelete
Restores file previously deleted with del. By default all recoverable files in the working directory are restored. The options are used to change this behaviour. If the MS-DOS mirror TSR program is used, then deletion tracking files are created and can be used by undelete.
Options :
/list : lists the files that can be undeleted.
/all : Recovers all deleted files without prompting. Uses a number sign for missing first character.
/dos : Recover only MS-DOS aware files, ignore deletion tracking file.
/dt : Recover only deletion tracking file aware files. undelete [filespec] [/list/all][/dos/dt]
[edit] ver
Shows the version of MS-DOS you are using.
Some versions of MS-DOS support an undocumented /r switch, which will show the revision as well as the version. ver [/r]
Equivalent to the Unix command uname. However, in Linux uname may simply refer to the version of the kernel rather than the operating system itself, which is sometimes stored in a text file in /etc/name_version, or command lsb_release -a.
[edit] xcopy
Copy entire directory trees. xcopy directory [destination-directory]
Copies files and directory trees.
XCOPY source [destination] [/A /M] [/D[:date]] [/P] [/S [/E]] [/W]
[/C] [/I] [/Q] [/F] [/L] [/H] [/R] [/T] [/U]
[/K] [/N]
source Specifies the file(s) to copy.
destination Specifies the location and/or name of new files.
/A Copies files with the archive attribute set,
doesn't change the attribute.
/M Copies files with the archive attribute set,
turns off the archive attribute.
/D:date Copies files changed on or after the specified date.
If no date is given, copies only those files whose
source time is newer than the destination time.
/P Prompts you before creating each destination file.
/S Copies directories and subdirectories except empty ones.
/E Copies directories and subdirectories, including empty ones.
Same as /S /E. May be used to modify /T.
/W Prompts you to press a key before copying.
/C Continues copying even if errors occur.
/I If destination does not exist and copying more than one file,
assumes that destination must be a directory.
/Q Does not display file names while copying.
/F Displays full source and destination file names while copying.
/L Displays files that would be copied.
/H Copies hidden and system files also.
/R Overwrites read-only files.
/T Creates directory structure, but does not copy files. Does not
include empty directories or subdirectories.
/T /E includes empty directories and subdirectories.
/U Updates the files that already exist in destination.
/K Copies attributes. Normal Xcopy will reset read-only attributes.
/Y Overwrites existing files without prompting.
/-Y Prompts you before overwriting existing files.
/N Copy using the generated short names."- http://en.wikipedia/wiki/Dos_commands.
Change or view the attributes of one or more files. It defaults to displaying the attributes of all files in the current directory.
Options:
To add an attribute attach a '+' in front of it.
To remove an attribute attach a '-' in front of it
Attributes include
R - Read-only
A - Archive
S - System
H - Hidden attrib [+-ahrs] [filespec]
Roughly equivalent to the Unix command chmod. In Linux, the command chattr also performs similar functions.
[edit] cd or chdir
Change current directory. cd directory
Equivalent to the Unix command cd (with parameters), or pwd (without parameters). (cd .. descends a directory.)
[edit] chkdsk
Verifies a hard disk or a floppy disk for file system integrity.
Options:
/F : Fixes errors on the disk
/V : Displays the full path and name of every file on the disk chkdsk drive [[path]filename] [/F] [/V]
Equivalent to the Unix command fsck
[edit] cls
Clears the screen. cls
Equivalent to the Unix command clear.
[edit] copy
Copies files from one location to another. The destination defaults to the current directory. If multiple source files are indicated, the destination must be a directory, or an error will result. copy filespec [destination]
Equivalent to the Unix command cp.
Files may be copied to devices (e.g. "copy file lpt1" would send the file to the printer on lpt1. "copy file con" would output to screen, which would be the same as type.
Most useful to note that "copy file.txt+file2.txt file_cat.txt" will concatenate the files and output them as file_cat.txt. Which is just like the "cat" command.
[edit] copy devicecopy device filename
In this usage, data is written from the given device to the file until the end-of-file character (ASCII character 26, which may be typed as ctrl-Z) is encountered. The most commonly used device is named con, which is short for "console"; thus, copy con filename would allow the user to type directly into a file, and press ctrl-Z when finished.
In Unix, this functionality is provided by the cat command. cat > filename (with ctrl+D to finish) would be equivalent to the DOS command copy con filename.
[edit] defrag
Defragments disk drive defrag driveletter
No Unix equivalent.
DR DOS equivalent was the diskopt command.
[edit] del or erase
Deletes files. del filename
erase filename
To delete files in Quiet mode del /Q filename
Equivalent to the Unix command rm.
[edit] deltree
Deletes a directory along with all of the files and subdirectories that it contains. Normally, it will ask for confirmation of such a drastic action. deltree [/y] directory
The /y parameter if present tells the deltree command to carry out without first prompting for confirmation.
The deltree command is not included in recent Microsoft Windows operating systems. Deleting a non-empty directory in those versions of Windows where the command is not included, can be achieved by the use of the rmdir command as in the following example:rmdir /s directory
In Unix, the functionality of deltree is provided by the rm command with the parameter -r (or -rf for the /y switch).
[edit] dir
Main article: Dir (DOS Command)
Displays contents of a directory.
Options :
/w : Wide list format
/p : Pause at every page
/s : Also look in subdirectories
/a[xx] : Display files with the specified attributes only
/o[xx] : Modifies sort order
/b : Uses bare format (no heading information or summary) dir [options] [filespec]
Equivalent to the Unix command ls (the option -l is "long" list format, it works the opposite way from /w.)
more options:
DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L] [/N] [/O[[:]sortorder]] [/P] [/Q] [/S] [/T[[:]timefield]] [/W] [/X] [/4]
[drive:][path][filename] Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list.
/A Displays files with specified attributes. attributes: D Directories R Read-only files H Hidden files
A Files ready for archiving S System files - Prefix meaning not
/B Uses bare format (no heading information or summary).
/C Display the thousand separator in file sizes. This is the default. Use /-C to disable display of separator.
/D Same as wide but files are list sorted by column.
/L Uses lowercase.
/N New long list format where filenames are on the far right.
/O List by files in sorted order. sortorder: N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first) E By extension (alphabetic) D By date/time (oldest first) G Group directories first - Prefix to reverse order
/P Pauses after each screenful of information.
/Q Display the owner of the file.
/S Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories.
/T Controls which time field displayed or used for sorting. timefield C Creation A Last Access W Last Written
/W Uses wide list format.
/X This displays the short names generated for non-8dot3 file names. The format is that of /N with the short name inserted before the long name. If no short name is present, blanks are displayed in its place.
/4 Displays four-digit years
[edit] echo
Prints its own arguments back out to the DOS equivalent of the standard output stream. Usually, this means directly to the screen, but the output of echo can be redirected like any other command. Often used in batch files to print text out to the user. echo this is text Outputs 'this is text'
echo. Outputs a blank line
Another important use of the echo command is to toggle echoing of commands on and off in batch files. echo on turns on echoing of commands
echo off turns off echoing of commands
Traditionally batch files begin with the @echo off statement. This says to the interpreter that echoing of commands should be off during the whole execution of the batch file thus resulting in a "tidier" output. The @ symbol declares that this particular command (echo off) should also be executed without echo. For example the following 2 batch files are equivalent:
Batch1.bat: @echo off
echo The files in your root directory:
dir /b /a-d c:\
Batch2.bat: @echo The files in your root directory:
@dir /b /a-d c:\
Echo can be used to write to files directly from the console, by redirecting the output stream: echo text > filename
Echo can also be used to append to files directly from the console, again by redirecting the output stream: echo text >> filename
To type more than one line from the console into a file, use copy con (above).
Equivalent to the Unix command echo.
[edit] exit
Exits the current batch script or the controlling thread. When running from Windows this will close the command prompt. EXIT [/B] [exitcode]
/B Exit the current batch script and set ERRORLEVEL to exitcode
Without this option, the controlling thread and any intermediate
batch files are immediately exited, and the process return code
is set to exitcode.
[edit] fdisk
Manipulates hard disk partition tables. The name derives from IBM's habit of calling hard drives fixed disks. When run from the command line, it displays a menu of various partitioning operations: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive
2. Set active partition
3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
4. Display partition information
5. Change current fixed disk drive
[edit] find
A filter to find lines in the input data stream that contain or don't contain a specified string and send these to the output data stream.
Find may also be used as a pipe. find "keyword" < ''inputfilename'' > ''outputfilename''
Searches for a text string in a file or files.
FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]]
/V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string.
/C Displays only the count of lines containing the string.
/N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.
/I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string.
"string" Specifies the text string to find.
[drive:][path]filename Specifies a file or files to search.
If a pathname is not specified, FIND searches the text typed at the prompt
or piped from another command.
Equivalent to the Unix command grep. The Unix command find performs an entirely different function; see tree.
[edit] format
Delete all the files on the disk and reformat it for MS-DOS
In most cases, this should only be used on floppy drives or other removable media. This command can potentially erase everything on a computer's hard disk.
/autotest and /backup are undocumented features. Both will format the drive without a confirmation prompt. format [options] drive
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/F:size] [/B /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/T:tracks /N:sectors] [/B /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/B /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/8] [/B /S] [/C]
/V[:label] Specifies the volume label.
/Q Performs a quick format.
/F:size Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format (such
as 160, 180, 320, 360, 720, 1.2, 1.44, 2.88).
/B Allocates space on the formatted disk for system files.
/S Copies system files to the formatted disk.
/T:tracks Specifies the number of tracks per disk side.
/N:sectors Specifies the number of sectors per track.
/1 Formats a single side of a floppy disk.
/4 Formats a 5.25-inch 360K floppy disk in a high-density drive.
/8 Formats eight sectors per track.
/C Tests clusters that are currently marked "bad."
Known as a joke among UNIX users of that time since every user on the machine could easily cause damage with just one command. Therefore, it was known in the UNIX community as "The big DOS timesaver".
Equivalent to the Unix command mkfs.
[edit] help
Gives help about DOS.
help 'command' would give help on a specific command, in MS-DOS 6 a HELP program was started which would give more details and examples, earlier versions basically gave the same information as command/? would give.
Partially equivalent to the Unix command man.
[edit] InterSvr
MS-DOS 6 and above command used to network PCs using a null modem cable or LapLink cable. The server-side version of InterLnk, it also immobilizes the machine it's running on as it's an active app (As opposed to a TSR) which must be running for any transfer to take place.
No Unix equivalent.
DR DOS equivalent is filelink, which is executed on both the client and server.
[edit] label
Changes the label on a logical drive, such as a hard disk partition or a floppy disk.
[edit] md or mkdir
Makes a new directory. The parent of the directory specified must already exist. md directory
Equivalent to the Unix command mkdir.
[edit] mem
Displays memory usage. mem
Equivalent to the Unix command free.
[edit] memmaker
Starting from version 6, MS-DOS included the external program MemMaker which was used to free system memory (especially Conventional memory) by automatically reconfiguring Autoexec.bat and Config.sys files. This was usually done by moving TSR Programs to the Upper memory. The whole process required 3 system restarts. Before the first restart the user was asked whether he wanted to enable EMS Memory or not.
The use of MemMaker was popular among gamers who wanted to enable or disable Expanded memory in order to run a game which required EMS or not. The result would however not be as good as someone changing the settings themself.
Options :
/BATCH Runs MemMaker in batch (unattended) mode. In batch mode, MemMaker takes the default action at all prompts.
/UNDO Instructs MemMaker to undo its most recent changes.
[edit] more
Pages through the output so that you can view more than one screen of text. command more
Equivalent to the Unix commands more and less.
More may also be used as a filter. more < inputfilename
[edit] move
Moves files or renames directories. move filename newname
move driveletter:\olddir driveletter:\newdir
Example: move c:\old c:\new
Equivalent to the Unix command mv.
[edit] msd
Main article: Microsoft Diagnostics
Provides detailed technical information about the computer's hardware and software. msd
No Unix Equvivalent, however in GNU/Linux similar type of information may be obtained from various text files in /proc directory.
[edit] pcpark
Parks the hard disk(s) (stops their turning) in order to enable safe shutdown; only used on early versions. pcpark
No Unix equivalent.
MS-DOS 3.2 (and possibly others) used the command HHSET
[edit] rd or rmdir
Remove a directory, which must be empty of files for the command to succeed. rd directory
Equivalent to the Unix command rmdir.
[edit] rem
Remark statement, normally used within a batch file. However on the command line, rem can also be used to create a zero length file by redirecting an empty remark statement to a filename. rem > newfilename
An alternative way to not run a specific statement in a batch file is creating a label that will never be used, ::.
In Unix, the # sign can be used to start a comment; the zero-length file can be achieved using various methods, such as the touch command or dd.
[edit] ren
Renames a file. Unlike the move command, this command cannot be used to rename subdirectories, or rename files across drives. ren filename newname
A more useful function of this command is to mass rename files by the use of wildcards. For example, the following command will change the extension of all files in the current directory from htm to html:ren *.htm *.html
In Unix, this functionality of a simple move is provided by the mv command, but changing extension of all files is not as simple..
[edit] scandisk
Disk diagnostic utility
Scandisk is a replacement for the chkdsk utility. Its primary advantages over chkdsk is that it is more reliable and has the ability to run a surface scan which finds and marks bad clusters on the disk. It is present on 16/32-bit MS-DOS-based versions of Windows like Windows 95, 98, 98SE, and Me. chkdsk has surface scan and bad cluster detection functionality built in on Windows NT based operating systems.
Equivalent to the Unix command fsck.
[edit] set
Sets environmental variables. See Environment variable.
[edit] sort
A filter to sort lines in the input data stream and send them to the output data stream. sort <> outputfilename
Equivalent to the Unix command sort.
[edit] time and date
Set/display the date and time date
time
Equivalent to the Unix command date with the important difference that calling this from the command line or a bat script will cause the program to halt requesting a new time until RETURN is pressed. The command 'time /t' will bypass this set feature.
[edit] tree
Shows the directory tree of the current directory
Options:
/F (Displays the names of the files in each folder.)
/A (Use ASCII instead of the extended characters.) tree [options] [directory]
Equivalent to the Unix command find.
[edit] truenametruename filename
Outputs the entire path (full directory and filename) of a file. For example, if the working drive and directory were C:\PROGRAMS and one typed truename fish
This command was rarely, if ever, documented in DOS manuals.
This command is similar to the Unix which command, which, given an executable found in $PATH, would give a full path and name. The C library function realpath performs this function.
[edit] type
Display a file. The more command is frequently used in conjunction with this command, e.g. type long-text-file more. type filename
Equivalent to the Unix command cat.
[edit] undelete
Restores file previously deleted with del. By default all recoverable files in the working directory are restored. The options are used to change this behaviour. If the MS-DOS mirror TSR program is used, then deletion tracking files are created and can be used by undelete.
Options :
/list : lists the files that can be undeleted.
/all : Recovers all deleted files without prompting. Uses a number sign for missing first character.
/dos : Recover only MS-DOS aware files, ignore deletion tracking file.
/dt : Recover only deletion tracking file aware files. undelete [filespec] [/list/all][/dos/dt]
[edit] ver
Shows the version of MS-DOS you are using.
Some versions of MS-DOS support an undocumented /r switch, which will show the revision as well as the version. ver [/r]
Equivalent to the Unix command uname. However, in Linux uname may simply refer to the version of the kernel rather than the operating system itself, which is sometimes stored in a text file in /etc/name_version, or command lsb_release -a.
[edit] xcopy
Copy entire directory trees. xcopy directory [destination-directory]
Copies files and directory trees.
XCOPY source [destination] [/A /M] [/D[:date]] [/P] [/S [/E]] [/W]
[/C] [/I] [/Q] [/F] [/L] [/H] [/R] [/T] [/U]
[/K] [/N]
source Specifies the file(s) to copy.
destination Specifies the location and/or name of new files.
/A Copies files with the archive attribute set,
doesn't change the attribute.
/M Copies files with the archive attribute set,
turns off the archive attribute.
/D:date Copies files changed on or after the specified date.
If no date is given, copies only those files whose
source time is newer than the destination time.
/P Prompts you before creating each destination file.
/S Copies directories and subdirectories except empty ones.
/E Copies directories and subdirectories, including empty ones.
Same as /S /E. May be used to modify /T.
/W Prompts you to press a key before copying.
/C Continues copying even if errors occur.
/I If destination does not exist and copying more than one file,
assumes that destination must be a directory.
/Q Does not display file names while copying.
/F Displays full source and destination file names while copying.
/L Displays files that would be copied.
/H Copies hidden and system files also.
/R Overwrites read-only files.
/T Creates directory structure, but does not copy files. Does not
include empty directories or subdirectories.
/T /E includes empty directories and subdirectories.
/U Updates the files that already exist in destination.
/K Copies attributes. Normal Xcopy will reset read-only attributes.
/Y Overwrites existing files without prompting.
/-Y Prompts you before overwriting existing files.
/N Copy using the generated short names."- http://en.wikipedia/wiki/Dos_commands.
Monday, January 29, 2007
Add/remove ect. files
1.How do we delete, copy, rename, and move files?
To delete- delete name.dat or Erase name.dat and then click enter.
To Copy- Copy Name.dat and then Click enter.
To Rename- ren name.dat Name.rrr
To move- move a*.* c: /windows/junk.
2. How do we find the attribute of a file?
C:/Windows/ah
3. How do we launch a file?
Type the file name and click enter.
To delete- delete name.dat or Erase name.dat and then click enter.
To Copy- Copy Name.dat and then Click enter.
To Rename- ren name.dat Name.rrr
To move- move a*.* c: /windows/junk.
2. How do we find the attribute of a file?
C:/Windows/ah
3. How do we launch a file?
Type the file name and click enter.
1/29/2007
Improvise- to compose and perform or deliver without previous preparation; extemporize.
How do we use DOS command?
Analyze conpy.cd.dir.move and type and related command to work on DOS prompt.
Learn Key
Questions and posting
learn Key research
How do we use DOS command?
Analyze conpy.cd.dir.move and type and related command to work on DOS prompt.
Learn Key
Questions and posting
learn Key research
Friday, January 26, 2007
Prompt/Navigation
1. click on RUN, type in cmd or commad
2. type in dir or c:/WINDOWS/Desktop>dir.
3. Use dir command.
4. Create:Type md and then the name of the folder you wan to create.
Delete: Type rd and then the name of the folder you want to delete.
2. type in dir or c:/WINDOWS/Desktop>dir.
3. Use dir command.
4. Create:Type md and then the name of the folder you wan to create.
Delete: Type rd and then the name of the folder you want to delete.
Thursday, January 25, 2007
Wednesday, January 24, 2007
Windows
1. We can change the theme of the desktop by right cliking on the screen and click on properties or going to control panel.
2. We can get on to control panel by cliking on the start menu and then clicking on control panel. On control panel we can change the desktop's apperance.
3. We can change the format of the work space in control panel.
4. To get to task manager we use the key Ctrl+ Alt+Delete.
2. We can get on to control panel by cliking on the start menu and then clicking on control panel. On control panel we can change the desktop's apperance.
3. We can change the format of the work space in control panel.
4. To get to task manager we use the key Ctrl+ Alt+Delete.
Friday, January 19, 2007
Operating Systems
> Linux is open source meaning its source code and the program are avalible for free.
- Redhat and debain are two popular distributions
- Free BSD is another version
RESEARCH TOPIC FOR TODAY... LINUX!
"Linux (IPA pronunciation: /ˈlɪnʌks/) is an umbrella term that refers to Unix-like computer operating systems that are built on the Linux kernel. A Linux-based system used in conjunction with GNU system utilities and libraries is sometimes referred to as GNU/Linux."- Wiki.
Redhat Linux-"Red Hat Linux was a popular Linux distribution assembled by Red Hat until the early 2000s, when it was discontinued.
It is one of the "middle-aged" Linux distributions; 1.0 was released in November 3, 1994. It is not as old as Slackware, but certainly older than many other distributions. It was the first Linux distribution to use RPM as its packaging format, and over time has served as the starting point for several other distributions, such as the desktop-oriented Mandriva Linux (originally Red Hat Linux with KDE), Yellow Dog Linux (which started from Red Hat Linux with PowerPC support), and ASPLinux (Red Hat Linux with better non-Latin character support).
Since 2003, Red Hat has discontinued the Red Hat Linux line in favor of its new Red Hat Enterprise Linux for enterprise environments and Fedora Core for the free version. Red Hat Linux 9, the final release, hit its official end-of-life on April 30, 2004, although the Fedora Legacy project continues to publish updates." -Wiki.
Thursday, January 18, 2007
Different types of Operating Systems
Standalone
Networked
Embeded
StandAlone: works on desktop, notebook, moblie computer device.
Works with: DOS, Windows, Mac OS, OS/ZWarp Client, Unix, Linux.
RESEARCH FOR TODAY: New Windows Operating System... Windows Vista!
"Windows Vista is the name of the latest release of Microsoft Windows, a line of graphical operating systems used on personal computers, including home and business desktops, notebook computers, and media centers. Prior to its announcement on July 22, 2005, Vista was known by its codename Longhorn.[1] On November 8, 2006, Windows Vista development was completed and is now in the release to manufacturing stage. Some editions were available to volume license customers, MSDN and TechNet subscribers through November 2006.;[2] Microsoft has stated that the scheduled release date for worldwide availability is January 30, 2007.[3] These release dates come more than five years after the release of its predecessor, Windows XP, making it the longest time span between major releases of Windows."- Wiki.
Networked
Embeded
StandAlone: works on desktop, notebook, moblie computer device.
Works with: DOS, Windows, Mac OS, OS/ZWarp Client, Unix, Linux.
RESEARCH FOR TODAY: New Windows Operating System... Windows Vista!
"Windows Vista is the name of the latest release of Microsoft Windows, a line of graphical operating systems used on personal computers, including home and business desktops, notebook computers, and media centers. Prior to its announcement on July 22, 2005, Vista was known by its codename Longhorn.[1] On November 8, 2006, Windows Vista development was completed and is now in the release to manufacturing stage. Some editions were available to volume license customers, MSDN and TechNet subscribers through November 2006.;[2] Microsoft has stated that the scheduled release date for worldwide availability is January 30, 2007.[3] These release dates come more than five years after the release of its predecessor, Windows XP, making it the longest time span between major releases of Windows."- Wiki.
Wednesday, January 17, 2007
GUI
"The graphical user interface, or "GUI" (IPA: [ˈɡuːi]), is a computer interface that uses graphic icons and controls in addition to text. The user of the computer utilizes a pointing device, like a mouse, to manipulate these icons and controls. This is considerably different from the command line interface in which the user types a series of text commands to the computer."-Wiki.
Apple Vs. micorsoft-"Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 35 F.3d 1435 (9th Cir. 1994) was a copyright infringement lawsuit in which Apple Computer sought to prevent Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard from using visual graphical user interface (GUI) elements that were similar to those in Apple's Lisa and Macintosh operating systems. Some critics claimed that Apple was really attempting to gain all intellectual property rights over the desktop metaphor for computer interfaces, and perhaps all GUIs, on personal computers. Apple lost all claims in the lawsuit, except that the court ruled that the trash can icon and file folder icons from Hewlett-Packard's now-forgotten NewWave windows application were infringing. The lawsuit was filed in 1988 and lasted four years; the decision was affirmed on appeal in 1994, and the appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court by Apple was denied..." Wiki.
Apple Vs. micorsoft-"Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 35 F.3d 1435 (9th Cir. 1994) was a copyright infringement lawsuit in which Apple Computer sought to prevent Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard from using visual graphical user interface (GUI) elements that were similar to those in Apple's Lisa and Macintosh operating systems. Some critics claimed that Apple was really attempting to gain all intellectual property rights over the desktop metaphor for computer interfaces, and perhaps all GUIs, on personal computers. Apple lost all claims in the lawsuit, except that the court ruled that the trash can icon and file folder icons from Hewlett-Packard's now-forgotten NewWave windows application were infringing. The lawsuit was filed in 1988 and lasted four years; the decision was affirmed on appeal in 1994, and the appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court by Apple was denied..." Wiki.
DOS
menu Driven
Graphical User Interface
Virtual memery- program divided into units of fixed sizes called pages.
Graphical User Interface
Virtual memery- program divided into units of fixed sizes called pages.
Tuesday, January 16, 2007
Operating Systems
Operating systems- control of all harware.
Booting The Computer-Turn on computer, power supply sends a signal to the compnents in system unit.
Booting The Computer-Turn on computer, power supply sends a signal to the compnents in system unit.
Friday, January 12, 2007
Networks And The Internet
Local Area Network- network that connects computers in a limited geographic area such as a school computer lab, office or group of buildings.
Category Computers- Personal, mobile devices/ computer, mid-range computers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
Research Topic Today... Name and company of 1 supercomputer.
1. Name: Goggle Supercomputer
2. Company: Google
Category Computers- Personal, mobile devices/ computer, mid-range computers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
Research Topic Today... Name and company of 1 supercomputer.
1. Name: Goggle Supercomputer
2. Company: Google
Thursday, January 11, 2007
IPhone
IPhone: iPhone refers to two separate lines of internet appliances: One developed by Infogear and another produced by Cisco's Linksys division.
The iPhone was first released in 1997 by Infogear. The original iPhone was designed by Nathan Clark, an electronics manufacturing engineer from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It featured a touchscreen, used a variant of JavaOS, and could operate as a web browser or phone. It was one of the first wave of Internet appliances, preceding the I-Opener and 3Com Audrey. Reviewers cited it for offering a simpler and less expensive way to get onto the Internet, but criticized the size, lack of features, and USD $5 per month charge on top of Internet access and the purchase price of the iPhone.[1] When Infogear was acquired by Cisco Systems, the product was discontinued, though they held on to the iPhone registered trademark[2].
In 2006, Linksys, a division of Cisco, released a Voice over IP phone using the iPhone name. Unlike its predecessor, this device uses an existing network and features a proprietary operating system. Many analysts speculated that, in resurrecting its long-dormant trademark, Cisco was attempting to benefit from the halo effect of Apple's popular iPod music player.[3]
found from wikipedia.org
The iPhone was first released in 1997 by Infogear. The original iPhone was designed by Nathan Clark, an electronics manufacturing engineer from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It featured a touchscreen, used a variant of JavaOS, and could operate as a web browser or phone. It was one of the first wave of Internet appliances, preceding the I-Opener and 3Com Audrey. Reviewers cited it for offering a simpler and less expensive way to get onto the Internet, but criticized the size, lack of features, and USD $5 per month charge on top of Internet access and the purchase price of the iPhone.[1] When Infogear was acquired by Cisco Systems, the product was discontinued, though they held on to the iPhone registered trademark[2].
In 2006, Linksys, a division of Cisco, released a Voice over IP phone using the iPhone name. Unlike its predecessor, this device uses an existing network and features a proprietary operating system. Many analysts speculated that, in resurrecting its long-dormant trademark, Cisco was attempting to benefit from the halo effect of Apple's popular iPod music player.[3]
found from wikipedia.org
Wednesday, January 10, 2007
Computers
Hardware- any parts of a computer system that you can see or touch.
Storage- holds data, instuctions and info for suture use.
Storage- holds data, instuctions and info for suture use.
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